Ante el COVID 19: ¿Revolución urbana? La ciudad de Caracas durante la pandemia / Towards COVID-19, an urban revolution? Caracas city during the pandemic

Este ensayo tiene por objeto exponer una serie de reflexiones sobre la situación de la Gran Caracas durante el período marzo-junio 2020, enmarcado en la Pandemia declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en fecha 11 de marzo de 2020. Estas reflexiones sobre la ciudad, entendida como un sistema complejo y auto-organizado, dan cuenta de una revolución urbana en nuestro territorio, desde comunidades organizadas que se contraponen a los modelos hegemónicos de urbanización planetaria, hasta una divergencia en los modelos de producción y abastecimiento local en el territorio. Aunque podía parecer que el SARS-COVID-19 es una amenaza para las iniciativas urbanas que se verían coartadas o limitadas por las medidas de confinamiento en la lucha contra el Virus, observamos experiencias de base y siempre comunitarias que resisten y se fortalecen en medio de las presentes dificultades. Nos interesamos en estas experiencias ya que aportan a la reflexión necesaria acerca de la transformación de nuestro entorno urbano. El estudio se realiza a partir de un pensamiento complejo, que trata de tejer las interacciones y aportes de un sujeto (la comunidad) que co-construye su realidad (la ciudad como sistema) revelando una vez más la potencia de un pueblo creador. Finalmente se plantean algunas consideraciones sobre estas iniciativas y sus posibilidades, enmarcadas en las profundas luchas por la reivindicación de los derechos al territorio, a la vida, a la cultura y a la ciudad, y que en palabras de Harvey (2013) atraviesan el camino de una revolución urbana(AU)

This essay aims to present several reflections on the situation of the "Gran Caracas" between March and June 2020, during the pandemic period declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. These considerations on the city, understood as a complex and self-organized system, tell of an urban revolution in our territory, from organized communities that oppose the hegemonic models of world urbanization, to a divergence in the production and local supply models on the territory. Although it may seem that SARS-COVID-19 is a threat to urban actions that would be inhibited by confining measures in order to control the virus, we observe bottom-up and always community- based experiences that resist and become stronger in the midst of the present challenges. We are interested in these experiences since they contribute to the necessary discussion about the transformation of our urban environment. This study is based on a complex thought, which tries to weave the interactions and contributions of a subject (the community) that co-creates its reality (the city as a system) revealing, once again, the potential of creative people. Finally, some considerations are raised about these proposals and their possibilities, framed in the deep struggles for the vindication of the rights to territory, to life, to culture and to the city, and that in David Harvey's words (2013, pág. 16) cross the path of an urban revolution (AU)

A critical analysis of human improvement projects from the perspective of the self-organization theory

Based on the theory of self-organization, the objective of this paper is to critically discuss the theses defended by the postulators of two projects that aim to improve human nature: eugenics and transhumanism. We will try to show that the "science of eugenics", proposed by Francis Galton (1883), and the contemporary transhumanist project, outlined since the second half of the 20th century, share the controversial belief that human beings, through science and technology, are able to successfully control the evolutionary processes of human species. We will try to show that this belief disregards the central characteristics of the complex self-organized adaptive evolutionary processes of organisms in general. For this purpose, we will critically analyse the central theses of the transhumanist project and the "status quo bias" argument proposed by Bolton and Ord (2006) in defence of such theses. We conclude by emphasizing that the proponents of the contemporary transhumanist project would benefit from a fallibilistic perspective that would allow them to face the project's social and ethical possible implications with epistemic prudence.

Conditions of adaptation to the higher education process in students with disabilities and limited health capacities

This paper is devoted to the pressing issue of obtaining professional education by persons with disabilities and limited health capacities in the inclusive context, which is a factor in their successful socialization. Adaptation to studying at a higher education institution is a difficult task for many students with special educational needs. The purpose of the experimental study is to look into the characteristics of adaptation to the educational process of a pedagogical university in undergraduate students with disabilities and limited health capacities, to identify the reasons for their under-performance in educational activities and to develop recommendations for overcoming them in the process of educational and methodological support. The object of the study is the process of educational adaptation of students with disabilities and limited health capacities at university. The obtained data indicate the need for educational and methodological support for the education of students and the development of methodological recommendations for adaptation of educational material and teaching methods for students with disabilities and limited health capacities, which have, in turn, been performed by the authors. In view of the results of the analysis of scientific research on the problem of teaching people with disabilities and limited health capacities at higher education institutions, as well as the features of self-organization of students of this category that have been identified during the experiment, it is necessary to build educational and methodological support for the educational process that would take these features into account. The recommendations developed by the authors regarding the adaptation of educational material and teaching methods for students and their implementation in the development of appropriate teaching material by university teachers in collaboration with specialists of the university resource teaching and methodological center will contribute to the development of self-organization skills in people with disabilities and limited health capacities and will ensure the activation of academic activity among such students, which will create the necessary conditions for their successful education.

(Auto)narrativas em/na família: cognição e emoção / (Auto) narratives in / in the family: cognition and emotion

A análise apresentada no presente artigo parte das ações desenvolvidas na pesquisa "Na ponta dos dedos: o IPAD como instrumento complexo de cognição/subjetivação", trazendo consigo os vetores teóricos do Grupo que executa a pesquisa, construídos a partir da convergência entre "educação e complexidade". Portanto, os entendimentos que configuram a análise vinculam-se ao Paradigma da Complexidade e à Teoria da Autopoiesis. A metodologia proposta é de cunho qualitativa, tendo como base a pesquisa intervenção, envolvendo os sujeitos que acompanham crianças com Transtornos do Espectro Autista (TEA). Os instrumentos utilizados foram as narrativas coletivas e autonarrativas como propulsores de intervenções, produzindo sentidos por meio das conversações formais e informais nos encontros presenciais. As ações descritas convergem para reflexões sobre o processo de aprendizagem de forma complexa, isto é, unindo as dimensões cognição/emoções, que foram cindidas e que marcam a cultura da modernidade. Ao final, o trabalho pretende contribuir para que as famílias possam (re)organizar-se a partir das reflexões sobre as vivências dentro de suas realidades/mundos.(AU)

The analysis presented in this article starts from the actions developed in the research "At your fingertips: the iPad as a complex instrument of cognition / subjectivation", bringing with it the theoretical vectors of the research group, built from the convergence between "education and complexity". Therefore, the understandings that configure the analysis are linked to the Complexity Paradigm and the Autopoiesis Theory. The proposed methodology is qualitative, based on intervention research, involving subjects who accompany children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The instruments used were the collective and selfnarrative narratives as propellers of interventions, producing meanings through formal and informal conversations in face-to-face meetings. The described actions converge to reflections on the learning process in a complex way, that is, uniting the cognition / emotions dimensions, which were split and that mark the culture of modernity. In the end, the work aims to contribute so that families can (re) organize from the reflections on the experiences within their realities / worlds.(AU)

Exploring the effects of deep-defending vs high-press on footballers' tactical behaviour, physical and physiological performance: A pilot study

Abstract AIMS The aim of this study was to explore the effects of a deep-defending vs high-press defending strategy on footballers' tactical behaviour, physical and physiological responses, when in numerical difference. METHODS Nineteen elite professional footballers (outfield players) participated in this study, playing an 11vs10 match (simulating an early dismissal) for two halves of 10 minutes on a full-sized regulation pitch. The 11-men team was instructed by the head coach to defend closer to goal in the first half (deep-defending) and then defend higher up the pitch in the second half (high-press). Players' positional data were used to calculate the distance between team centroids, players' distance to own and to opponent centroid, teams' effective playing space (EPS), teams' length per width ratio, distance covered and player velocity. Heart rate was measured via short-range radio telemetry. RESULTS Relative-phase analysis of teams' EPS showed 61.6% of anti-phase synchronisation pattern (i.e. the values change in opposite directions) in the deep-defending game. In the high-press game, teams' centroid distances were closer (% difference in means; ±90% CL, -21.0%; ±9.5%), while players' distances to own and opponent centroids were 20% more regular. Distance covered (-19.8%; ±2.5%), player velocity (-20.0%; ±2.5%) and heart rates also decreased in the high-press game. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, adopting a high-press defending strategy can elicit closer centroid distances, more regular movement patterns, decreased synchronisation patterns of EPS, lower distance covered, lower player velocity, and lower heart rates. Coaches may also consider adopting a high-press strategy, when in numerical superiority, to decrease players' physical and physiological demands.

DINÁMICAS COMPLEJAS EN EL DESARROLLO DEL PRIMER SEGMENTO TARSAL DE Drosophila melanogaster / Complex Dynamics in the Development of the First Tarsal Segment of Drosophila melanogaster

La interacción de grupos de genes, proteínas, y células es necesaria para el desarrollo de un organismo multicelular. Por tal motivo, la teoría de la complejidad puede ser una herramienta indispensable para entender cómo diversos procesos embriológicos y evolutivos suceden. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los programas de investigación estas áreas permanecen aisladas. En un esfuerzo por crear un punto de integración entre el Evo-Devo y las ciencias de la complejidad, en este documento propongo que las dinámicas celulares de epitelios pueden tener comportamientos que se asemejan a los encontrados en sistemas complejos. Dichas dinámicas celulares, además de regular la densidad celular de los epitelios, pueden conferir alta evolucionabilidad a estos tejidos. Para lograr este objetivo, utilizo como sistema el desarrollo del primer segmento tarsal de las patas anteriores de Drosophila melanogaster. Primero doy un ejemplo en el cual dinámicas aleatorias a nivel celular pueden generar la emergencia de patrones organizados a nivel del tejido. En seguida muestro como la modificación de características morfológicas del epitelio puede generar dinámicas celulares altamente organizadas o por el contrario aleatorios. Como resultado, planteó que el desarrollo de los epitelios muestra rasgos de comportamientos complejos y propone que la retro-alimentación entre tensión mecánica y procesos celulares son básicos para entender cómo se desarrollan y evolucionan los organismos multicelulares. Estos estudios ponen en evidencia las bases mecánicas de procesos complejos que conectan diversos niveles de organización.

Gene, protein and cell interactions are vital for the development of a multicellular organism. As a result, complexity theory can be a fundamental tool to understand how diverse developmental and evolutionary processes occur. However, in most scientific programs these two fields are separated. In an effort to create a connection between the Evo-devo and complexity science, this article shows how the cell dynamics of epithelia can display behaviours with similar features to complex systems. Here, I propose that these cell dynamics, in addition to control cell density in epithelia, can provide high evolvability to this type of tissue. To achieve this goal, I used a as a systems the development of Drosophila melanogaster front legs. First, I provide an example in which order at the tissue level emerge from apparently random cell dynamics. Then, I show that small modifications in epithelial cellular components can produce highly organized or the opposite random cell dynamics. Therefore, this work shows that a developing epithelium displays signs of complex behaviours and I propose that the feedback between tension and cellular processes are key for understanding how multicellular organisms development and evolve. Such studies may reveal the mechanistic basis of complex processes that bridge several levels of organization.

An ensemble approach to the evolution of complex systems.

Adaptive systems frequently incorporate complex structures which can arise spontaneously and which may be nonadaptive in the evolutionary sense. We give examples from phase transition and fractal growth to develop the themes of cooperative phenomena and pattern formation. We discuss RNA interference and transcriptional gene regulation networks, where a major part of the topological properties can be accounted for by mere combinatorics. A discussion of ensemble approaches to biological systems and measures of complexity is presented, and a connection is established between complexity and fitness.

Research and exploration of individualized and self-organized psychotherapy* / 重庆医学

Objective This article discussed individualized and self-organized psychotherapy .Methods This therapy utilized the“sensory experience”as the entry point ,the systematic regulating mechanism underlying the human body was activated by stimula-ted the automaticity movement of organisms ,so as to realized the treatment of mental illness .Results It could effectively cured va-rious functional diseases such as endocrine disorder ,depression and cancer ,etc .Conclusion As a“de-psychologized”method ,“Sen-sory experience” is distinct from other psychological methods that are based on cognitive psychology .This difference brings about not only an innovation in psychotherapy ,but also profound philosophic considerations .

Os processos auto-organizacionais do goalball / The self-organizations processes of goalball / Los procesos de autoorganización del goalball

O goalball é uma modalidade coletiva criada para pessoas com deficiência visual e baseada no tato e na audição. Partindo das contribuições das teorias sistêmicas, e entendendo as equipes e o jogo como sistemas, objetivamos interpretar os padrões e processos auto-organizacionais da modalidade. Para tal, observamos vinte jogos das Paralimpíadas de 2008. Distinguimos o ciclo auto-organizacional das equipes, um processo recursivo atrator de suas configurações. O histórico das relações entre as dimensões opostas das equipes representa o jogo. Cessada a interação cessa o jogo, permanecendo seu registro, que atuará recursivamente nas futuras preparações das equipes, oportunizando novos processos geradores de novos produtos, num interminável ciclo cuja causa e efeito, processo e produto se interligam.

Goalball is a team sport created for people with visual impairment, and based on tact and hearing. Starting from the contributions of the systems theory and comprehending the teams and the games as systems, we aim to interpret the standards and self-organization processes of goalball. For that, we observed twenty matches of the Paralympic Games 2008. We distinguished the self-organizational cycle as a recursive process, attractor of the team's configuration. The history of the relation between the opposite dimensions of the teams represents the game. When ceased the interaction, ceased is the game, remaining its register, which will act recursively in the team's future preparations, bringing up a new process which generates new products, in an endless cycle whose cause and effect, process and product are interconnected.

El goalball es un deporto de equipo inventado para personas con discapacidad visual, y a la base del tacto y audición. Partiendo de las contribuciones de las teorías sistémicas y entendiendo los equipos y el juego como sistemas, objetivamos interpretar los patrones y procesos organizacionales de la modalidad. Para ello, observamos veinte partidos de los Juegos Paralímpicos 2008. Distinguimos el ciclo autoorganizacional de los equipos como un proceso recursivo atractor de sus configuraciones. El histórico de las relaciones entre las dimensiones opuestas de los equipos representa el juego. Terminada la interacción termina el juego, permaneciendo su registro, que actuará recursivamente en las futuras preparaciones de los equipos, lo que proporciona nuevos procesos generadores de nuevos productos, en un ciclo cuya la causa y el efecto, el proceso y el producto se interconectan.

Constructing cultivation mode for health service management professionals based on self-organization system theory / 中华医学教育探索杂志

With medical system reform advancing,social requirement on comprehensive capability for health service management professionals enhances unceasingly.However,health service management in our country is a new branch of edge-crossed and needs to be improvd and perfected constantly to reduce the shortage in mode construction for talent cultivation. It is meaningful to explore and construct innovative cultivation mode for health management professionals from three aspects,management capability,learning capability and information feedback based on system self-organization principle.

A dança circular na resolução de situações-problema em aulas de Educação Física / The circular dance in the resolution of problem situations in Physical Education classes

Entender como o ser humano se organiza é tão complexo quanto entender como a Natureza interage com essa organização. A dança compreende uma das mais antigas atividades humanas cujas origens se confundem com a origem da própria humanidade, o que remete à época em que o homem vivia em estreita relação com a natureza. Nosso trabalho consistiu em realizar inferências sobre o processo de auto-organização do comportamento de crianças quando colocadas para solucionar situações-problema no contexto das danças circulares. Realizamos atividades que contassem com situações da dança circular utilizando materiais como: elástico, tecido, jornal, papel pardo, giz de cera. Através das danças circulares percebemos como a organização aparece e desaparece de forma muito dinâmica. É importante assinalar que o processo de constituição de um grupo dançante não é linear. Tal qual a roda, que vai e vem, requer tempo para girar num ritmo compassado, sintonizado, centrado.

Understanding how the human being is organized is as complex as understanding how nature interacts with that organization. The dance comprises one of the oldest human activities whose origins are intertwined with the origin of humanity itself, which refers to the time when man lived in close relationship with nature. Our job was to make inferences about the process of self-organization of the behavior of children when asked to solve problem situations in the context of circle dances. We count on activities that situations dance move using materials such as rubber, cloth, paper, brown paper, crayons. Through the circular dances we see how the organization appears and disappears very dynamic. It is important to note that the process of forming a group dance is not linear. Like the wheel, which comes and goes, requires time to turn in a paced rhythm, tune, centered.

Modelos explicativos em saúde coletiva: abordagem biopsicossocial e auto-organização / Explanatory models in collective health: bio-psycho-social complexity and self-organization

A complexidade do processo saúde-doença tem ensejado a proposição de uma diversidade de modelos explicativos. Fazemos uma breve revisão dessas propostas, confrontando três perspectivas: o modelo oriundo da Medicina do século XIX, a lógica da História Natural da Doença e o debate epidemiológico no contexto da Medicina Social latino-americana. Tomando-se como referência teórica a ideia de causalidade circular presente na teoria da auto-organização, propomos que os fatores causais privilegiados em cada um dos modelos explicativos acima não seriam conflitantes. Uma noção-chave para se pensar o processo de autoorganização biopsicossocial é o "efeito baldwiniano", que descreve uma relação dialética ou coevolutiva entre processos naturais e socioculturais.

The complexity of the health-disease process has elicited the postulation of a diversity of explanatory models. We make a brief review of the proposals, starting with the biomedical model derived from the 19th century medicine. This model influenced the approach on the natural history of disease, and the debate on epidemiologic models in the context of the Latin-American Social Medicine. Broadening the spectrum of the discussion, we introduce the idea of circular causality, proposed by theories of self-organizing systems. We argue that, in a transdisciplinary perspective, these explanatory models are not conflicting. A key notion to understand these classes of concomitant explanatory models is the "Baldwin Effect", describing a dialectic or coevolutionary relation between nature, social organization and culture.

Participação e integração: o ponto de vista das teorias da auto-organização / Participation and integration: the self-organization theories point of view

Este artigo visa apresentar bases teóricas que auxiliem o exercício da participação e da integração numa equipe interdisciplinar de pesquisadores. Para tal, num primeiro momento, delinearemos noções fundamentais do novo campo conceitual proposto, o das teorias da auto-organização dos seres vivos. Exporemos, a seguir, construtos de Henri Atlan, Jean-Pierre Dupuy e Cornelius Castoriadis relevantes para a consecução do objetivo almejado. Finalmente, sugeriremos possibilidades de passagem à prática de alguns dos princípios descritos.

This article presents theoretical bases to facilitate participation and integration within an interdisciplinary research team. In order to achieve this, we will sketch fundamental notions related to the new conceptual field of self-organization of living beings. Subsequently, we will expose some ideas by Henri Atlan, Jean-Pierre Dupuy and Cornelius Castoriadis that are important to reach our objectives. Finally, we will suggest how to turn these principles into practice.

Discurso do sujeito coletivo, complexidade e auto-organização / Discourse of the collective subject, complexity and self-organization

O presente trabalho busca apresentar alguns desdobramentos do método do discurso do sujeito coletivo no que toca à densidade semântica por ele provocada, que implica a presença significativamente mais relevante, nas pesquisas sociais que envolvam coleta de depoimentos, do pensamento coletivo como realidade empírica. Tal presença mais significativa do material empírico, aliada ao entendimento do pensamento das coletividades como referente, permite o diálogo do momento descritivo com o momento interpretativo neste tipo de pesquisa, podendo assim, como nova possibilidade que aponta para o incerto e para o inesperado, contribuir para um entendimento renovado da natureza e do funcionamento das representações sociais como realidades complexas.

The aim of the present work is to discuss some consequences of the method called “Discourse of the Collective Subject” concerning the semantic density of the qualitative data, that implies a significantly and more relevant presence of the collective thought as empirical reality in qualitative researches. Such a presence of the empirical material, associated to the understanding of the collective thought as referent, allows a dialogue of the descriptive and interpretative moment in this variety of research. This in turn alludes to a new possibility that points out to the uncertain and unexpected contributing to a renewed understanding of the nature and processes of the social representations as complex realities.

Analysis of self-organization and hetero-organization mechanism in scientific research management / 中华医学科研管理杂志

The scientific research management is one of the critical factors to build up the innovative system of scientific research.There are two modes of scientific research management:self-organization and hetero-organization.The serf-organization management,which follows the rules of science development,is the precondition to advance the scientific research,it is also necessary to implement the hetero-organization in right time and right place.The management should conduct more investigation into the nature of scientific research,put the service on the important role and finally speed up the reforming of science research management mechanism.

Além do mecanicismo e do vitalismo: a normatividade da vida em Georges Canguilhem / Beyond mechanism and vitalism: the normativity of life according to Georges Canguilhem

Discutimos a epistemologia das ciências da vida e das ciências da saúde de Georges Canguilhem, revendo sua crítica à concepção mecanicista da normalidade e da patologia e seu posicionamento frente ao vitalismo. Sugerimos que, enfatizando o conceito de "normatividade da vida", Canguilhem teria apontado para uma superação da oposição entre mecanicismo e vitalismo. Para tal, fazemos uma breve comparação da "normatividade da vida" com o conceito contemporâneo de auto-organização de Michel Debrun, argumentando que a emergência da norma vital se situa num estágio secundário de um processo de (auto-)organização da vida e, portanto, tal normatividade não teria a conotação vitalista, erroneamente atribuída a Canguilhem.

We discuss the epistemology of the sciences of life and health elaborated by Georges Canguilhem. First we review his criticism to mechanicist concepts of normality and pathology, and his position regarding vitalism. We suggest that, when emphasizing the concept of "normativity of life", Canguilhem goes beyond the dichotomy of mechanism and vitalism. We make a brief comparison of his concept of "normativity of life" with the contemporary concept of "self-organization" proposed by Michel Debrun, arguing that the emergency of the vital norm occurs on the second stage of the process of life self-organization and therefore such normativity does not have the vitalist connotation erroneously attributed to Canguilhem.

pH-sensitive Polymeric Micelles for the Effective Delivery of Anti-cancer Drug / 대한소화기학회지

Polymeric micelles from pH-sensitive block copolymers have been designed for targeting tumor acidity or endosomal pH in tumor cells. The micelles are core-shell types formed by self-organization of the blocks in an aqueous medium or under specific experimental conditions. They possess a segment that has physical or chemical properties responding to small changes in environmental pH. The segment induces to the fast release kinetics from the micelles at tumor sites by particle shrunk/disruption. Furthermore, it can alter the biodistribution of the micelles and the interactions with tissues and cells by utilizing small pH changes. Such properties lead to overcome the problems associated with free chemo-agents, such as nonspecific toxicity, lack of tumor selectivity, and the development of multidrug resistance in various tumor cells. Therefore, the micelles have been considered as promising anti-cancer drug carriers. This review summarizes the recent progress in pH-sensitive micelles for tumor chemotherapy, particularly for those responding to tumor pH and endosomal/lysosomal pH for the treatment of multidrug resistance (MDR).